Grammar · A1 → B1
Romanian grammar guides
84 free guides to Romanian grammar, from A1 to B1. Every rule comes with examples, common mistakes and the lessons that teach it.
A1 — Beginner(54 guides)
- Romanian stress patterns and vowel pairs
Romanian stress is usually on the penultimate (second-to-last) syllable, but many common words break the rule. There are no written accent marks, so stress…
PhonologyLesson 2 — The alphabet & sounds - ea, oa, ie, ia diphthongs
Romanian has four common diphthongs: ea, oa, ie, ia. Each is one syllable, two glided vowels.
PhonologyLesson 2 — The alphabet & sounds - Cardinal numerals 1-20
Cardinal numerals 1–10 are unique words; 11–19 use the structure digit + spre + zece ("digit on top of ten"). Numerals one and two agree in gender.
NumeralsLesson 3 — Numbers 1-20 & days - Verb 'a fi' (to be) — singular forms
The verb a fi (to be) has three irregular singular forms: sunt (I am), ești (you are), este/e (he/she is).
VerbsLesson 4 — Where are you from? - Preposition 'din' + country
din + country/city = "from" (origin). Example: "Eu sunt din România."
PrepositionsLesson 4 — Where are you from? - Gendered country/nationality adjectives
Nationality adjectives agree with the speaker's gender: român (masc.) / româncă (fem.), american / americancă, francez / franțuzoaică.
AdjectivesLesson 4 — Where are you from? - Verb 'a fi' — all six persons
The verb a fi (to be) is irregular across all six persons. Singular: sunt, ești, este/e. Plural: suntem, sunteți, sunt.
VerbsLesson 5 — The verb 'a fi' in the present - Subject pronouns eu, tu, el, ea, noi, voi, ei, ele
Subject pronouns: eu (I), tu (you sg. informal), el (he), ea (she), noi (we), voi (you pl.), ei (they masc./mixed), ele (they fem.).
PronounsLesson 5 — The verb 'a fi' in the present - Pro-drop: omitting subject pronounsfamily roots
Romanian is a pro-drop language: the subject pronoun is usually omitted because the verb ending already tells you who is doing the action. Sunt obosit = "I am…
SyntaxLesson 5 — The verb 'a fi' in the present - Possessive adjectives meu/mea/mei/mele
Possessive adjectives agree with the possessed noun: meu (masc. sg.), mea (fem. sg.), mei (masc. pl.), mele (fem. pl.). Position: usually AFTER the noun with…
AdjectivesLesson 6 — My family - Verb 'a avea' — 1sg/2sg (am, ai)
A avea (to have) in 1sg/2sg: eu am (I have), tu ai (you have). Used for possession and age.
VerbsLesson 7 — How old are you? - Age construction 'am X ani'family roots
Age is expressed with a avea, not a fi: Am X ani ("I have X years") = "I am X years old."
ConstructionsLesson 7 — How old are you? - Numbers 20-100
Tens are built on -zeci ("tens"): douăzeci (20), treizeci (30)… nouăzeci (90), o sută (100). In-between numbers use și: douăzeci și cinci (25).
NumeralsLesson 7 — How old are you? - Present tense -i conjugation (a locui)
Verbs ending in -i in the infinitive (a locui, a vorbi, a citi) follow a regular pattern: stem + -esc, -ești, -ește, -im, -iți, -esc in the present tense.
VerbsLesson 8 — Where do you live? - 'în' + city name
în + city/country name = "in" (location). Example: "Locuiesc în București."
PrepositionsLesson 8 — Where do you live? - Indefinite article un/o + nouns
The indefinite article is un (masculine) or o (feminine): un băiat (a boy), o fată (a girl). Plural: niște (some).
ArticlesLesson 9 — My apartment - Noun plural endings -e, -uri, -i
Romanian nouns form their plural with three main endings: -e, -uri, or -i. The choice depends on the noun's gender and shape: masculine often takes -i…
NounsLesson 9 — My apartment - Enclitic definite article (the noun-suffix article)family roots
Romanian places the definite article at the end of the noun as a suffix: băiat (a boy) → băiatul (the boy), fată (a girl) → fata (the girl), casă → casa…
ArticlesLesson 10 — Things in the room - 'câți/câte' + noun (how many)
Câți (masc.) / câte (fem.) + noun = "how many ?" Example: Câți ani ai? (How many years do you have?) — How old are you?
QuestionsLesson 11 — Rent & utilities - 'trebuie să' preview (recognition only)
Trebuie să + subjunctive verb = "must / have to ." Trebuie să plec (I must leave). At A1, recognize the pattern — full production comes at B1.
ModalsLesson 11 — Rent & utilities - Numbers 100-1000
O sută (100), două sute (200) … nouă sute (900), o mie (1000). For compound numbers: o sută douăzeci și cinci (125).
NumeralsLesson 12 — Daily shopping - Asking prices: 'cât costă'
Cât costă ? = "How much does cost?" Answer: Costă lei.
ConstructionsLesson 12 — Daily shopping - Irregular verb 'a bea' present
A bea (to drink) is irregular in the present tense. Singular: beau, bei, bea. Plural: bem, beți, beau.
VerbsLesson 13 — Food & drink - Regular -a verb 'a mânca'
A mânca (to eat) is a regular -a verb. Singular: mănânc, mănânci, mănâncă. Plural: mâncăm, mâncați, mănâncă.
VerbsLesson 13 — Food & drink - Impersonal 'mi-e foame/sete'
States like hunger, thirst, sleepiness use mi-e + noun: mi-e foame (I'm hungry), mi-e sete (I'm thirsty), mi-e somn (I'm sleepy).
ConstructionsLesson 13 — Food & drink - 'aș vrea' polite request (recognition only)
Aș vrea + noun/infinitive = "I would like ." The polite way to order or request. At A1, recognize the pattern; production comes later.
PolitenessLesson 14 — At the restaurant - 'fără' + noun
Fără + noun = "without ." Example: O cafea fără zahăr (a coffee without sugar).
PrepositionsLesson 14 — At the restaurant - Dates 'pe X month'
For a specific date, use pe + day + month: pe 15 martie (on March 15th).
TimeLesson 15 — Holidays & food - Seasons
The four seasons: primăvară (spring), vară (summer), toamnă (autumn), iarnă (winter). With "in": primăvara, vara, toamna, iarna (definite article = "in…
VocabularyLesson 15 — Holidays & food - Affirmative imperatives — first exposure
Affirmative imperatives: singular often = 2nd person present (vino!, mergi!), plural usually = 2nd person plural (veniți!, mergeți!).
VerbsLesson 16 — At the market - Quantities with 'de': 'un kilogram de roșii'family roots
Quantities use de between the measure and the substance: un kilogram de roșii (a kilo of tomatoes), o sticlă de apă (a bottle of water).
ConstructionsLesson 16 — At the market - Telling time: 'cât e ceasul?'
Cât e ceasul? = "What time is it?" Answer: E ora (it's o'clock) or E și un sfert / și jumătate / fără un sfert.
TimeLesson 17 — Telling time - Time-of-day adverbs (dimineața, seara, noaptea)
Time of day uses the definite article on the noun: dimineața (in the morning), seara (in the evening), noaptea (at night). No preposition needed.
AdverbsLesson 17 — Telling time - Reflexive verbs in present (a se trezi paradigm)family roots
Reflexive verbs take a reflexive clitic before the verb that matches the subject: mă, te, se, ne, vă, se. Example: a se trezi (to wake up) → eu mă trezesc, tu…
VerbsLesson 18 — My daily program - Present tense -e conjugation
Verbs with infinitive in -e (a merge, a face, a spune) take present endings: -, -i, -e, -em, -eți, - (often with stem changes).
VerbsLesson 18 — My daily program - 'în' + month name
în + month name = "in [month]." Example: în martie (in March), în iunie (in June).
PrepositionsLesson 19 — Days of the week & months - 'în' + season
în + season (with definite article) = "in [season]." Example: în primăvară (in spring), în iarnă (in winter).
PrepositionsLesson 19 — Days of the week & months - 'pe' + date
pe + day + month = "on [date]." Example: pe 15 martie (on March 15th), pe 7 august (on August 7th).
PrepositionsLesson 19 — Days of the week & months - Ordinal numerals — primul, a doua, al treilea
Ordinals agree in gender: primul / prima (first), al doilea / a doua (second), al treilea / a treia (third). Masculine uses al -lea; feminine uses a -a.
NumeralsLesson 19 — Days of the week & months - Impersonal weather verbs (plouă, ninge)
Weather verbs are impersonal — used only in the third person singular: plouă (it's raining), ninge (it's snowing), e cald (it's hot), e frig (it's cold).
VerbsLesson 20 — Today's weather - Weather questions: 'ce vreme e?'
Ce vreme e? / Cum e vremea? = "What's the weather like?" Answer: E + adjective or Plouă / Ninge.
QuestionsLesson 20 — Today's weather - Question words 'unde' (where), 'cum' (how)
Unde = where; cum = how. Place at the start of the question: Unde ești? (Where are you?), Cum te simți? (How do you feel?).
QuestionsLesson 21 — Public transport - Irregular verb 'a merge' present
A merge (to go) is technically an -e verb but with stem stress and some irregular features. Present: merg, mergi, merge, mergem, mergeți, merg.
VerbsLesson 21 — Public transport - Imperatives of 'a merge', 'a întoarce'
Imperative of a merge: singular mergi! (go!), plural mergeți!. Imperative of a întoarce: singular întoarce!, plural întoarceți! (used with reflexive…
VerbsLesson 22 — Directions in town - Prepositions of place (lângă, în fața, în spatele)
Place prepositions: lângă (next to), în fața (in front of), în spatele (behind), pe (on), sub (under), între (between).
PrepositionsLesson 22 — Directions in town - Politeness 'aș dori' (productive)
Aș dori + noun/infinitive = "I would like " (very polite, slightly more formal than aș vrea).
PolitenessLesson 23 — Pharmacy & store - Price question 'cât costă'
Cât costă ? = "How much does cost?" Singular subject takes costă; plural also takes costă in casual speech.
ConstructionsLesson 23 — Pharmacy & store - Future 'o să' (recognition preview only)
O să + subjunctive verb = future tense ("I will "). O să merg la magazin (I'll go to the store). At A1, recognize the pattern; full production at A2.
VerbsLesson 24 — Internet & phone - Dative impersonal 'mi-e rău/foame/sete/somn'family roots
States and feelings use mi-e / ți-e / îi e / ne e / vă e / le e + noun: mi-e rău (I feel sick), mi-e foame (I'm hungry), mi-e sete (I'm thirsty), mi-e somn…
CliticsLesson 25 — Basic health - 'mă doare X' constructionfamily roots
Mă doare + body part = "my hurts." Mă doare capul (My head hurts), Mă doare stomacul (My stomach hurts). The body part takes the definite article.
ConstructionsLesson 25 — Basic health - Present tense -ea conjugation (a plăcea, a vedea)
Verbs ending in -ea (a vedea, a plăcea, a putea) have a unique paradigm with stem changes. Example a plăcea: plac, placi, place, plăcem, plăceți, plac.
VerbsLesson 25 — Basic health - Adjective gender/number agreementfamily roots
Adjectives agree with the noun in gender and number: un băiat bun (a good boy), o fată bună (a good girl), doi băieți buni (two good boys), două fete bune…
AdjectivesLesson 26 — Basic emotions - Verb 'a-i plăcea' — inverted dative experiencerfamily roots
A-i plăcea (to like) is an inverted dative experiencer verb. The thing liked is the subject; the experiencer takes a dative clitic: Îmi place cafeaua (I like…
CliticsLesson 27 — Likes & dislikes - Dative clitics îmi/îți/îi/ne/vă/lefamily roots
Dative clitic pronouns: îmi (to me), îți (to you), îi (to him/her), ne (to us), vă (to you pl.), le (to them). They go BEFORE the verb: Îmi dai cartea? (Give…
CliticsLesson 27 — Likes & dislikes
A2 — Elementary(20 guides)
- Perfect compus — a avea auxiliary + past participle
Perfect compus = present of a avea (auxiliary) + past participle. Am mers (I went), Ai mâncat (You ate), A spus (He/she said).
VerbsLesson 29 — Compound past introduction - Past participle formation
Past participles are formed by adding a suffix to the verb stem: -at (a-verbs), -ut (most e/ea-verbs), -it (i-verbs). Many irregular: a face → făcut, a merge…
VerbsLesson 29 — Compound past introduction - Verb 'a avea' — all six persons
A avea (to have) is irregular. Present: am, ai, are, avem, aveți, au.
VerbsLesson 29 — Compound past introduction - Past time expressions (ieri, weekend-ul trecut, anul trecut)
Past time expressions: ieri (yesterday), alaltăieri (the day before yesterday), acum o săptămână (a week ago), weekend-ul trecut (last weekend), anul trecut…
TimeLesson 30 — Last weekend - Imperfect tense formation
Imperfect tense is formed from the verb stem + endings -am, -ai, -a, -am, -ați, -au. Example a vorbi: vorbeam, vorbeai, vorbea, vorbeam, vorbeați, vorbeau.
VerbsLesson 32 — Childhood stories - Imperfect vs perfect compus contrast
Imperfect = ongoing, habitual, or background past ("I was doing," "I used to do"). Perfect compus = completed past action ("I did," "I have done"). They often…
VerbsLesson 32 — Childhood stories - Vocative case (Ioane!, Mario!, mamă!)
The vocative is the case used to address someone directly. Forms: masc. names → -e (Ioane!), fem. names → -o (Mario!), nouns → -ule/-o (băiatule!, mamă!).
NounsLesson 33 — Romanian wedding - Genitive/Dative of nouns with definite article
The genitive-dative case of definite nouns is formed by changing the article ending: masc. băiatul → băiatului (of/to the boy), fem. fata → fetei (of/to the…
NounsLesson 33 — Romanian wedding - Relative pronoun 'care'
Care = "who, which, that" — relative pronoun joining clauses. Băiatul care vine e fratele meu (The boy who's coming is my brother).
PronounsLesson 37 — My profession - Conjunctions că, dacă, când
Common subordinating conjunctions: că (that), dacă (if/whether), când (when). They introduce dependent clauses with normal indicative verbs.
ConjunctionsLesson 37 — My profession - Accusative clitic pronouns (mă, te, îl, o, ne, vă, îi, le)family roots
Accusative clitics: mă (me), te (you), îl (him/it m.), o (her/it f.), ne (us), vă (you pl.), îi (them m.), le (them f.). Position: BEFORE the verb in present.
CliticsLesson 41 — At the family doctor - Differential object marking with 'pe' + clitic doublingfamily roots
Definite human direct objects are marked with pe AND doubled with an accusative clitic. Îl văd pe Ion (I see Ion), O cunosc pe Maria (I know Maria).
CliticsLesson 41 — At the family doctor - Adjective agreement — deeper drilling
Adjective agreement extends to all four forms (m.sg., f.sg., m.pl., f.pl.) with stem changes (vowel alternations, consonant softening). Example negru →…
AdjectivesLesson 45 — Clothes & sizes - Comparative (mai...decât) and superlative (cel mai)
Comparative: mai + adjective + decât (more than). Superlative: cel/cea/cei/cele mai + adjective (the most ). El e mai înalt decât mine / El e cel mai înalt.
AdjectivesLesson 48 — Comparisons: more, most - Future with 'o să' — full productive
Colloquial future: o să + subjunctive verb. O să merg (I will go), O să mâncăm (we will eat). The o să is invariable; the verb changes per person in…
VerbsLesson 49 — Future with 'o să' - Literary future 'voi cânta' — recognition only
Literary future: voi, vei, va, vom, veți, vor + infinitive. Voi cânta (I will sing), Vom merge (we will go). Used in formal writing, news, and literature…
VerbsLesson 50 — Vacation plans - Prepositions requiring specific cases
Some prepositions take the nominative/accusative (în, la, pe, cu, fără, de): în casă, la școală, cu mama. Compound prepositions take the genitive (în fața, în…
PrepositionsLesson 53 — At primărie & IGI - Genitive of proper names (lui Ion, Mariei)family roots
For masculine proper names, use lui + name: cartea lui Ion (Ion's book). For feminine names, use the genitive form of the name: cartea Mariei (Maria's book).
NounsLesson 53 — At primărie & IGI - Negative imperative (nu face!)
Negative singular imperative = nu + infinitive (without a): Nu pleca! (Don't leave!), Nu vorbi! (Don't speak!). Negative plural = nu + 2pl present: Nu…
VerbsLesson 57 — On the phone - Reported speech with 'că' + indicative
Reported speech uses că + indicative verb. Spune că vine (He says that he's coming). A spus că vine (He said that he's coming).
SyntaxLesson 57 — On the phone
B1 — Intermediate(10 guides)
- Opinion constructions (cred că, mi se pare că, după părerea mea)
Common opinion phrases: cred că (I think that), mi se pare că (it seems to me that), după părerea mea (in my opinion), eu zic că (I say that), din punctul meu…
ConstructionsLesson 61 — My opinion - Subjunctive with 'să' — full productivefamily roots
The subjunctive uses să + special verb form. For most persons, the verb looks like the indicative; the 3rd person (sg./pl.) takes a special subjunctive form…
VerbsLesson 63 — Subjunctive with 'să' - Modal verbs triggering subjunctive
Modal verbs always trigger the subjunctive: a vrea, a putea, a trebui, a începe, a încerca, a reuși. Vreau să plec (I want to leave), Trebuie să mergi (You…
VerbsLesson 63 — Subjunctive with 'să' - Conditional optativ — aș + infinitiv
Conditional-optative: invariable conditional auxiliary aș, ai, ar, am, ați, ar + short infinitive (verb without "a"). Aș merge (I would go), Am merge (We…
VerbsLesson 64 — Conditional: aș vrea, aș merge - Conditional in 'dacă' clauses (hypotheticals)
In hypothetical "if" clauses, Romanian uses dacă + conditional in both clauses: Dacă aș avea timp, aș merge (If I had time, I would go).
SyntaxLesson 65 — If I could - Subjunctive in urări (toasts and wishes)
Wishes and toasts use the subjunctive: Să trăiești! (May you live!), Să ai noroc! (May you have luck!), Să ne vedem cu bine! (May we see each other in good…
ConstructionsLesson 78 — Wishes & toasts - Complex relative clauses (where, when, why)
Complex relative clauses: unde (where), când (when), de ce (why), al cărui / a cărei (whose). Orașul unde locuiesc..., Ziua când ne-am cunoscut..., Motivul…
SyntaxLesson 85 — Books I read - Conditional perfect (aș fi mers) — recognition and light production
Conditional perfect = aș/ai/ar/am/ați/ar + fi + past participle. Aș fi mers (I would have gone), Ar fi venit (He/she would have come).
VerbsLesson 87 — If we had known - Reported speech with tense shifts
Romanian reported speech keeps the original tense when reporting (unlike English backshift): El a spus că vine (He said he was coming — Romanian uses present…
SyntaxLesson 88 — Reported speech - Passive and impersonal 'se' — introduction
The impersonal/passive se is used for general statements without a specific subject: Se vorbește românește aici (Romanian is spoken here / One speaks Romanian…
SyntaxLesson 89 — Passive & impersonal
B2–C2 reference points(121 guides)
These advanced points are taught inside the B2–C2 lessons and have no written guide yet. Each one links to the lesson that introduces it.
B2 — Upper Intermediate(39 guides)
- Clitic ordering — accusative + dative stackingb2CliticsLesson 94 — Clitic ordering
- Formal written register — lexis and toneb2VocabularyLesson 95 — CV and cover letter
- Passive voice — fi + participiub2
- Impersonal 'se' — full productive useb2
- Reported speech — present tense (a spune că...)b2
- Reported speech — past tense with sequence of tensesb2
- Opinion connectors — în opinia mea, consider că, totușib2ConjunctionsLesson 102 — Expressing opinions
- Conditional present — aș + infinitive (productive)b2
- Reflexive verb classes — se (accusative) vs. își (dative)b2
- Emphatic pronouns — însuși / însăși / înșișib2PronounsLesson 116 — Emphatic pronouns
- Perfect compus vs imperfect (aspect)b2
- Register markers (formal/familiar)b2
- pe + clitic doubling (DOM) — introductionb2AdvancedLesson 94 — Ordinea cliticelor
- Conditional for politenessb2
- Text/news genre markersb2AdvancedLesson 100 — Genurile de presă
- Sequence of tensesb2
- Causal / concessive / consecutive subordinatorsb2
- Summarization strategiesb2AdvancedLesson 104 — Rezum o știre
- Subjunctive after advising/wishingb2
- Dative-experiencer verbs (îmi place, mi se pare)b2
- Advanced comparatives/superlativesb2
- Purpose clauses (ca să, pentru a)b2AdvancedLesson 110 — Mediul înconjurător
- cel + relativeb2AdvancedLesson 111 — Cel + relativ
- Nominalized adjectivesb2AdvancedLesson 111 — Cel + relativ
- Result/consequence clausesb2
- Problem-solution argument structureb2AdvancedLesson 113 — Problemă → soluție
- Reflexive dativeb2AdvancedLesson 115 — Verbe reflexive
- Gerunziu (adverbial)b2
- Perfect simplu (receptive)b2
- Mai-mult-ca-perfectul (receptive)b2
- Regional speech awareness (intro)b2AdvancedLesson 122 — Regiunile României
- Argumentative essay structureb2AdvancedLesson 124 — Eseul argumentativ
- Register transformation (A->B)b2
- Body/health lexis & syntaxb2Discourse and vocabularyLesson 105 — La medic, în detaliu
- Emotion lexis & nuanceb2Discourse and vocabularyLesson 114 — Sentimente și nuanțe
- Complaint registerb2Discourse and vocabularyLesson 117 — Reclamația
- Evaluative adjectives (reviews)b2Discourse and vocabularyLesson 119 — Prima recenzie
- Debate language (concede/rebut)b2Discourse and vocabularyLesson 123 — Dezbatere
- B2 exam strategy (5 components)b2Exam skillsLesson 126 — Simulare examen B2
C1 — Advanced(39 guides)
- Three-register system (standard/colloquial/literary)c1
- Wooden language (limba de lemn) recognitionc1AdvancedLesson 128 — Limba de lemn
- Full clitic systemc1
- Dative possessive (îmi/îți/își)c1
- Hedging devicesc1AdvancedLesson 130 — Atenuarea (hedging)
- Nominalization with celc1
- Academic listening / note-takingc1AdvancedLesson 132 — Cursul universitar
- Nominalization (verb/adj -> noun)c1AdvancedLesson 133 — Nominalizarea
- Derivation (prefix/suffix families)c1
- Word formationc1
- Supine (nominal use)c1
- Long infinitive as nounc1
- Administrative registerc1
- Agentless/impersonal passivec1AdvancedLesson 138 — Pasiv fără agent
- Presumptive mood (inference/hedging)c1AdvancedLesson 139 — Modul prezumtiv
- Conditional in legal/contract languagec1AdvancedLesson 140 — Contracte și clauze
- Formal correspondencec1AdvancedLesson 141 — Scrisoare oficială
- Anglicism management / Romanian equivalentsc1
- Conditional perfect (past counterfactual)c1
- Past subjunctive (să fi făcut)c1
- Complex conditional periodsc1
- Poetic/archaic forms (receptive)c1AdvancedLesson 147 — Eminescu
- Irony detectionc1AdvancedLesson 148 — Caragiale și ironia
- Perfect simplu (productive)c1AdvancedLesson 149 — Creangă, povestirea
- Mai-mult-ca-perfectul (productive)c1
- Paraphrase across register (archaic->modern)c1
- Advanced cohesion (connectors/anaphora)c1AdvancedLesson 154 — Coeziune avansată
- Topicalization with clitic doublingc1AdvancedLesson 154 — Coeziune avansată
- Relative clauses all cases (al cărui/căruia)c1
- Review/critique genrec1AdvancedLesson 156 — Cronică și recenzie
- Report (raport) genrec1AdvancedLesson 157 — Raportul
- Extended argumentative essayc1AdvancedLesson 158 — Eseul extins
- Multi-source synthesisc1AdvancedLesson 160 — Sinteza din surse
- Economy/tech lexisc1Discourse and vocabularyLesson 142 — Economie și piață
- Op-ed rhetoricc1Discourse and vocabularyLesson 153 — Editorialul (op-ed)
- Advanced debatec1Discourse and vocabularyLesson 152 — Dezbateri de actualitate
- Presentation + Q&Ac1Discourse skillsLesson 159 — Prezentare + întrebări
- Academic summarizationc1Discourse skillsLesson 134 — Derivarea cuvintelor
- C1 exam strategyc1Exam skillsLesson 160 — Sinteza din surse
C2 — Mastery(43 guides)
- Tone: irony/sarcasm/understatement/euphemismc2AdvancedLesson 162 — Ironie și subtext
- Presumptive (productive, expressive)c2
- Authorial stance markingc2AdvancedLesson 164 — Poziția autorului
- Connotation & fine register choicec2
- Rigorous argument constructionc2
- Concession then rebuttalc2
- Cleft / pseudo-cleft / frontingc2AdvancedLesson 168 — Structuri emfatice
- Information structure (focus/topic)c2AdvancedLesson 168 — Structuri emfatice
- Mediation (relay/reconcile/steer)c2AdvancedLesson 169 — Medierea
- Synthesis of conflicting sourcesc2
- Moldavian & Muntenian featuresc2
- Banat / Transylvanian / Maramureș featuresc2
- Language history / lexical layersc2AdvancedLesson 173 — Istoria limbii
- Aromanian & the Moldovan questionc2
- Literary analysisc2AdvancedLesson 175 — Romanul interbelic
- Prose analysis (realism)c2
- Critical response to contemporary textc2
- Film criticismc2
- Critical review/essayc2AdvancedLesson 179 — Recenzie critică
- Orthography: comma-below ș/ț vs cedillac2
- î/â spelling rulesc2AdvancedLesson 181 — î/â și regulile
- Clitic hyphenation (nu-l, într-o, s-a)c2AdvancedLesson 182 — Cratima cliticelor
- Genitive-dative in writingc2
- Long-distance participle/adjective agreementc2AdvancedLesson 184 — Acordul în NP lungi
- Self-correction from error profilec2
- Identity & diaspora discoursec2
- Deliberate code-switchingc2
- Explaining the culturec2AdvancedLesson 188 — Explic România
- Intergenerational transmissionc2
- Proverb & idiom masteryc2AdvancedLesson 190 — Cultura proverbială
- Capstone identity essayc2
- Academic writing with citationc2AdvancedLesson 180 — Scrierea academică
- Formal report/studyc2
- Scientific/technical registerc2
- Legal precisionc2AdvancedLesson 183 — Precizie juridică
- Public speaking / defensec2AdvancedLesson 184 — Discurs public
- Build & defend an academic argumentc2
- Exam: listening C2c2AdvancedLesson 186 — Ascultare C2
- Exam: reading C2c2AdvancedLesson 187 — Citire C2
- Exam: language elements C2c2
- Exam: writing C2c2AdvancedLesson 189 — Scriere C2
- Exam: speaking C2c2AdvancedLesson 190 — Vorbire C2
- Exam: full C2 strategyc2
Practise it, don’t just read it
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